媒介 Foreword
丹育猪以高产闻名于世，但因为猪场建树、豢养处理等诸多方面的挑衅，让丹育猪在中国的出产机能未能到达预期，但丹育种猪在中国养猪业的受青睐水平仍越来越高。猪译馆特网络清算了一系列丹育相干资料，今朝正在转载由喜肉科技联袂英联饲料和华扬种猪连系推出的丹麦养猪研究中心建造的丹育《配种处理手册》，敬请存眷。
编者的话 Editor's Note
配种是新一轮出产的开始，配种质量会直接影响受胎率、临盆率、产仔数、断奶数等一系列要害的KPI。因此配种舍的正确处理有助于进步和维持母猪高产、稳产。本手册具体讲授了差异出产模式下查情和配种的各类能力，个中许多章节图文并茂可以直接作为SOP行使。
20.返情母猪的处置赏罚
HANDLING OF RETURNERS
20.1
返情母猪是不行停止的，但正确处置赏罚能使非出产天数最短
Returners Can Not Be Avoided, But With Correct Handling Non-productive Days Can Be Minimized
发情判断要从配种后第18天开始。
Heat control should be performed from 18 days after mating.
用超声波扫描仪在母猪配种后第24天举办怀胎判断。
Pregnancy control can be performed from day 24 with a 2-dimensional scanner.
将空怀母猪安放在后备母猪旁边。
Empty sows are placed near the gilts.
已经返情的母猪要实时转移至预期与其统一周临盆的猪群中。
Sows that has returned, move on to the week group they should farrow with.
返情高出一次的母猪凡是要裁减。
Sows that return more than once should generally beculled.
裁减出产多于5胎的返情母猪。
Sows older than 5 litters that returns should be culled.
那些不纪律的返情母猪凡是不会遵守3周的发情周期。
Irregular returners are returners that do not fifit with the normal 3-week cycle.
返情母猪是不行停止的。
Returners can not be avoided.
母猪的返情会增进事变时刻，并引起栏中的躁动。
Returners is time consuming and provide turbulence in the pen.
20.2
返情母猪太多会低落每头母猪的年产仔猪数
Many Returners Costs Pig Per Sow Per Year
缺乏发情和怀胎判断会导致因为返情母猪引起的非出产天数增进。
Lack of oestrus- and pregnancy control leads to many non-production days because of returners.
6-7天的非出产天数会使每头母猪的年产仔猪数降落1头。
6-7 non-production days extra “costs” 1 pig per sow per year.
母猪的返情会增进事变时刻，这是因为多次的转圈和对空怀母猪的特殊调查。
Returners are time consuming due to multiple displacements and increased observation of empty sows.
返情母猪过多会使对群体巨细（每周）的处理变的坚苦。
Many returners make it diffiffifficult to manage the group size.
20.3
增补声名: 返情母猪的处置赏罚
Additional Comments: Handling Of Returners
假如母猪第一次配种未受孕，并处于正常发情周期，它将会在18-24天后再次发情。通过对配种后的母猪举办起劲主动的发情判断，可以第一时刻发明那些隐藏的返情母猪。
If the fifirst mating has not resulted in a pregnancy and the sow is in normal cycle, she will be in heat again 18-24 days later. By active heat control among the mated sows you will be able to catch potential returners the fifirst time they come in heat.
假如通过扫描发明母猪空怀，要把它转移到配种舍，在哪里比在怀胎舍里能更好的举办短期优饲、更多的存眷发情判断和更好的与公猪打仗。
If you fifind the sow empty by scanning, it is moved to the mating unit where there will be a better chance of flflushing, more focus on heat control and better boar contact than in the gestation unit.
将空怀母猪安放在后备母猪旁边，确举荐办一天2次的发情判断。从而更轻易留意到母猪的发情环境。
By collecting the empty sows near gilts you ensure that they are where you will be making heat control twice a day. This ensures that you are more aware of when the sows come into heat.
将返情母猪转移至与其统一周临盆的猪群中，这能使接下来的怀胎判断、接种疫苗等事变变得易。
It gives the best view in the unit if you always move the returners so they are housed with the week group they will farrow with. This will ease all future work with pregnancy control, vaccination, etc.
履历表白，返情母猪的临盆率比群体中的其余母猪要低。假如一头母猪一再返情，有身的概率会跟着返情的次数大大降落。假如群体的临盆率在82%以下，而且某一周的母猪数目降落，这很也许是由于有返情两次或更多次的母猪。
Experiences shows that the farrowing rate of returners is lower than other sows in the herd. If asow returns repeatedly, the propability of pregnancy will be strongly decreasing with the numbers ofreturnings. If the farrowing rate in the herd is under 82 % and if there is a lack of sows in the weekly group, it may be appropriate to let a sow return two or more times.
履历表白，出产多于5胎的母猪，假如返情，临盆率会很是低。
Experience shows that sows with more than 5 litters have a very low farrowing rate on returning.
不纪律的返情是指与第一次记录的发情/配种时刻对比，不能以3周为发情周期。
Irregular returners, which are returners that do not have a 3-week cycle, in relation to the fifirst recorded oestrus/ mating will occur.
不纪律的返情也许是由于：
Irregular returners may be because:
第一次配种时母猪还没发情。
The sow was not in heat at the fifirst mating.
挂号的配种时刻不正确。
The date of mating is not registered properly.
母猪有过一段时刻的泛情期（因为应激、饲 料太少、白日减短、猪舍内光泽太弱、天气 欠好和饲料中有毒素）。
The sow has been a cyclical (“stalled”) for a period (stress, too little feed, decreasing day length, tooweak light strength in the unit, bad climate, and toxins in the feed).
母猪有或有过囊肿（也许由毒素引起，但这不是独一的缘故起因）。
The sows have or have had cysts. (Can occur as a result of toxins, but it is not always a reason isfound).
母猪有身了，但又流产了（掉了或发育不良）。
The sow was pregnant but lost the pregnancy (dropped or back formed fetuses).
21.后备母猪首次发情的调查和挂号
HEAT OBSERVATION AND REGISTRATION OF FIRST HEAT IN GILTS
21.1
最佳发情调查
Optimal Heat Observation
后备母猪凡是在6-7月龄呈现第一次发情。
Gilts normally get their fifirst heat in 6-7 months of age.
后备母猪6月龄后，可以开始天天与公猪打仗。
From the gilts are 6 months old, they can be introduced to the boar daily.
天天通过发情判断的“5个要点”举办一次发情判断。
Heat control is performed after the 5-point plan once a day.
当发明后备母猪第一次发情时，要对其做标志。
The gilts are marked when the fifirst heat is observed.
母猪首次发情后，会形成18-24天的不变发情周期。
Gilts that have had their fifirst heat will be cyclic with an 18-24 day interval.
未能与群体其余母猪一路发情的后备母猪，必要接管新的发情刺激。
Gilts that are not coming to heat with the rest of the group are exposed to new stimuli.
后备母猪在配种舍里要有舒服的空间，足够的光泽，并与公猪打仗。
The mating unit must have good space, plenty of light and boar contact to the gilts.
圈舍太拥挤使发情调查和记录很坚苦。
Cramped conditions make it diffiffifficult to observe and record heat.
21.2
后备母猪不发情，也许是由于
Lack Of Heat In Gilts May Be Due To
发情时受到应激而被克制，如圈舍太拥挤、品级竞争或争夺饲料。
The heat is suppressed due to negative stress eg lack of space, rank matches or fifight over feed.
体况欠好，发育不良。
Poor body condition and failure to thrive.
穷乏与公猪的打仗。
Lack of boar contact.
猪舍内氨的气息克制了后备母猪的嗅觉。
Ammonia smell in the unit inhibits the gilts smell.
后备母猪的发情迹象不明明，且因发情判断没做到位而未被事恋职员发明。
The gilt shows weak heat signs and the heat is not detected by the staffff because the heat control isinadequate.
光照不敷。
Lack of light.
以下可造成后备母猪的发情判断坚苦
Heat control in gilts can be diffiffifficult if
后备母猪散布在猪舍的差异位置。
The gilts are in difffferent places in the housing system.
后备母猪处于很大的群体中。
The gilts go in large incalculable groups.
21.3增补声名: 后备母猪首次发情的调查和挂号
Additional Comments: Heat Observation And Registration Of First Heat In Gilts
除了年数以外，首次发情的时刻还取决于品种、体况、与公猪的打仗和后备母猪周围情形的变革。
Besides age the time of fifirst heat depends of race, body condition, boar contact and changes in the gilts surroundings.
与公猪的打仗必要后备母猪和公猪在统一圈舍内。为了到达与公猪打仗的最佳结果，必要一天打仗两次，每次一连10-15分钟。
Boar contact should be done by gilts and boar being in the same pen. For optimal effffect of boar contact it is recommended twice a day of 10-15 minutes duration.
公猪必需是性成熟的，且最好高出10月龄。
The boar must be sexually mature, preferably over 10 months old.
发情判断的实验起主要从外部可见的发情迹象来调查，像阴唇红肿，好奇心增进，也也许会爬跨其余母猪。
Heat control is performed by fifirst and foremost to look after the visible exterior heat signs which are
swollen and red labia, increased curiosity from the gilt and possible mount on other animals.
并非全部母猪都有明明的发情迹象（后备母猪年数越大，发情迹象越不明明），以是授精职员举办起劲主动的发情判断是很重要的。当授精职员举办发情鉴按时，要通过仿照公猪与后备母猪打仗时的刺激要点。
Not all animals show visible heat signs (the older the gilts get, the weaker the heat signs are) so it isimportant that the inseminator performs an active heat control. When the inseminator performs heatcontrol it is done by imitating the boars touch of the gilts stimulation points.
后备母猪必需呈现静立反射才气确以为首次发情。静立反射可通过授精职员执行发情判断的“5个要点”或行使公猪来完成。
The gilt must show standing heat to detect the fifirst heat. The standing heat is triggered either via the 5 point plan executed by the inseminator or by using the boar.
总的来说，在发情时代，为了使后备母猪呈现静立反射，凡是要做许多事变。
First and last during the heat, you usually work more with the gilt to get it to show standing heat.
当调查到后备母猪的首次发情时，对其举办标志是很重要的。用3种差异的颜色，而且每个礼拜换一种颜色，这有助于调查每周必要存眷的后备母猪。当调查到首次发情时，也可以选择给后备母猪一个母猪编号。给后备母猪做标志是为了便于举办短期优饲（短期优饲必需在打算的配种日期前7-14天举办）。
It is a great advantage to mark the gilt when the fifirst heat is observed. Use 3 difffferent colors and change the color of each week. It helps to visualize the gilts you should be focusing on each week. You can also choose to give the gilt a sow number when fifirst heat is observed. Marking of gilts is a tool to fifind out when to flflush them. (Flushing must be done 7-14 days before expected mating).
在一块板或卡片上，记录后备母猪编号和周编号，这样纵然母猪身上的颜色标志消散，也可按照记录来判定。
Write down the gilt number and week number on a board or card, so you have something to relate to if the color marks disappear.
在第二次发情时配种或更迟配种，与第一次发情就配种对比，窝产仔数更高。
Mating of the gilt in the second heat or later increases the litter size in relation to mating in the fifirst heat.
当后备母猪的发情有纪律后，发情时刻是牢靠的，其发情隔断是18-24天。
When the gilts are cyclical, the time of heat cannot be moved. Cyclic gilts come into heat within an interval of 18-24 days.
假如试图通过给后备母猪打针激向来诱情，会有形成囊肿的风险，且发情时刻也不会变。
If you try to provoke a heat by injecting the gilt with hormones, you risk the formation of cysts and it does not move the time of heat.
不提议给后备母猪用激素。
Use of hormones for gilts is not recommended.
未能和圈舍内其余后备母猪一路发情或高出7.5月龄还没发情的后备母猪，必要举办新的刺激，如和其余母猪混群，转圈，与差异的公猪打仗。
Gilts that do not come into heat together with the other pen mates or later than 7.5 months is exposed to new stimuli/ positive stress. It can be done by mixing with other animals, moving between the units and/or boar contact with difffferent boars.
高出10-11月龄且处于舒服圈舍中，而还没有呈现明明发情的后备母猪要裁减。总会有一些母猪不发情。假如不发情的比例高出5%，必要花更多的心思在豢养前提上。
Gilts that have had optimal conditions in the mating unit, but have not shown a clear heat latest at 10-11 months of age are culled. There will always be a certain number of animals that never comes into heat. If this number exceeds 5 % you should explore the conditions more.
